A critical feminist discursive analysis of dynamics shaping abortion in Canada: Implications for nursing.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25071/2291-5796.76Keywords:
abortion access, critical feminist, motherhood, critical discourses, Mifegymiso, Literature reviewAbstract
The advent of “the abortion pill” (Mifegymiso) in 2015 has shaped the contemporary context of access to abortion in Canada. In this paper, we highlight findings of a literature review that uses a gender and intersectional lens and critical discourse analysis to explore contemporary abortion access and implications for nursing. The discursive dynamics influencing nurses’ understandings of abortion, that is, the contexts in which some discourses are privileged over others yet often operate at the unconscious level to influence everyday knowledge and practices, are important to discern to work towards social justice goals. Findings suggest that normative and contradictory features of discourses such as women’s health, motherhood, and abortion access are relevant. Given the relative silence of abortion in nursing literature and prevailing gender normativity in nursing, there are compelling reasons to apply a critical feminist lens to deepen nurses’ understandings and critical reflection about abortion. There are implications for current education, research, and nursing practice.
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References
Abrams, P. (2015). The bad mother: Stigmas, abortion and surrogacy. Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics, Summer, 179-191.
Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights. (2019a). Access at a glance: Abortion services in Canada. https://www.actioncanadashr.org/resources/factsheets-guidelines/2019-09-19-access-glance-abortion-services-canada
Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights. (2019b). Statement on Ontario’s sex-ed curriculum.
https://www.actioncanadashr.org/news/2019-03-19statement-ontarios-sex-ed-curriculum
Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights. (2020). Joint statement on essential abortion care during COVID-19.https://www.actioncanadashr.org/news/2020-03-20-joint-statement-essential-abortion-care-during-covid-19
Author B.
Bellefontaine, M. (2018, April 4). Alberta to introduce safe zones around abortion clinics. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-to-introducesafe-zones-around-abortion-clinics-1.4605302
Begnell, P. & R. Durey. (2014). Creating lasting change: Advocacy for gender-transformative health promotion. In L. Greaves, A. Pederson, & N. Poole (Eds.), Making it better: Gender transformative health promotion (pp. 212-224). Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars’ Press/Women’s Press.
Bogart, N. & Lee, V. (2020, May 18). Child care restrictions preventing some from going back as economy reopens. CTV News. https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/child-care-restrictions-preventing-some-from-going-back-to-work-as-economy-reopens-1.4944380
Boston Women’s Health Book Collective. (2011). Our bodies, ourselves (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Bourgeois, S. (2014). Our bodies are our own: connecting abortion and social policy. Canadian Review of Social Policy, 70, 22-33.
Boyer, Y. & Bartlett, J. (2017). External review: Tubal ligation in the Saskatoon Health Region: The lived experience of Aboriginal women. https://www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca/DocumentsInternal/Tubal_Ligation_intheSaskatoonHealthRegion_the_Lived_Experience_of_Aboriginal_Women_BoyerandBartlett_July_22_2017.pdf
Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). (2018). Induced abortion reported in Canada in 2018. [Tables]. https://www.cihi.ca/en/search?query-all=abortion&Search+Submit
Canadian Nurses Association (CNA). (2017). Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses. https://www.cna-aiic.ca/html/en/Code-of-Ethics-2017-Edition/files/assets/basic-html/page-1.html
Cano, J. K. & Foster, A. M. (2016). “They made me go through like weeks of appointment and everything”: Documenting women’s experiences seeking abortion care in Yukon Territory, Canada. Contraception, 94(5), 489-495.
Carson, A. (2018). Feminism, biomedicine and the ‘reproductive destiny’ of women in clinical texts on the birth control pill. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(7), 830-843.
CBC News. (2018, February 1). Safe zones around abortion clinics now in place. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-abortion-clinic-safezone-police-1.4510607
CBC News. (2019, April 4). Abortion pills replace demand for surgical termination of pregnancy at Victoria Clinic. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/britishcolumbia/mifegymiso-abortion-pill-1.5083852
Clementson, L. (2019, May 9). ‘We pledge to make abortion unthinkable in our lifetime’: PC MP Sam Oosterhoff. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/oosterhoff-abortion-1.5129494
Deveau, A. (2017). Timeline of a maternal breakdown: A feminist mother’s blog post about her abortion experience. In E. R. M. Lind & A. Deveau (Eds.), Interrogating Pregnancy Loss: Feminist Writings on Abortion, Miscarriage, ad Stillbirth (pp. 40-46). Bradford, ON: Demeter Press.
Di Lapi, E. M. (1989). Lesbian mothers and the motherhood hierarchy. Homosexuality and the Family, 18 (1-2), 101-121.
Dressler, J., Maughn, N., Soon, J. A., & Norman, W. V. (2013). The perspective of rural physicians providing abortion in Canada: Qualitative findings of the BC Abortion Providers Survey (BCAPS). PLOS ONE, 8(6), 1-5.
Eaton, A. (2018 Sep 15). Graphic anti-abortion protest have no place on campus. The Varsity. https://thevarsity.ca/2018/09/15/op-ed-graphic-anti-abortion-protests-have-no-place-on-campus/
Ehrenreich, B., & English, D. (2010). Witches, midwives, & nurses: A history of women healers (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Feminist Press.
Endemann, E. (2019, April 25). Anti-abortion ad on Ottawa bus angers two councillors. Ottawa Citizen. https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/anti-abortion-ad-onottawa-bus-angers-two-councillors
Foster, A. M, LaRoche, K, J., El-Haddad, J., Degroot, L. & El-Mowafi, I. M. (2017). “If I ever did have a daughter, I wouldn’t raise her in New Brunswick:” exploring women’s experiences obtaining abortion care before and after policy reform. Contraception, 95(5), 477-484.
Ganatra, B., Gerdts C., Rossier C. et al. (2017). Global, regional, and subregional classification of abortions by safety, 2010–14: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model. The Lancet, 390(10110), 2372-2381.
Greaves, L., & Whynot, E. (2014). Promoting women’s hospitals as a site for change. In L. Greaves, A. Pederson, & N. Poole (Eds.), Making it better: Gender-transformative health promotion (pp. 225-239).
Green, F. J. (2018). Empowering mothers and daughters through matroreform and feminist motherliness. Journal of the Motherhood Initiative, 9(1), 9-20.
Green, F. J. (2019). Practicing matricentric feminist mothering. Journal of the Motherhood Initiative, 10(1&2), 83-99.
Hankivsky, O. (2020). Using intersectionality to understand who is most at risk for COVID-19. Pursuit. https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/using-intersectionality-to-understand-who-is-most-at-risk-of-covid-19
Ibrahim, H. (2018, July 31). Anti-abortion centre reopens next door to Clinic 554. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/right-to-life-clinic-554abortion-1.4768481
Janiak, E., & Goldberg, A.B. (2016). Eliminating the phrase “elective abortion”: why language matters. Contraception, 93(2), 89-92.
Jones, R. K., Frohwirth, L. F., & Moore, A. M. (2008). “I would want to give my child, like everything in the world”. Journal of Family Issues, 29(1), 79-99.
Kagan. P. N., Smith, M. C., Richard Cowling III, W., Chinn, P. L. (2009). A nursing manifesto: an emancipatory call for knowledge development, conscience, and praxis. Nursing Philosophy, 11, 67-84.
Kaposy, C. (2009). The public funding of abortion in Canada: going beyond the concept of medical necessity. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 12(3), 301-311.
Lippman, A. (2014). Foreward. In S. Patterson, F. Scala & M. K. Sokolon (Eds.) Fertile ground (pp. xiii-xv) Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Lowik, A. J. (2018). Trans-inclusive abortion services: A manual for providers on operationalizing trans-inclusive policies and practices in an abortion setting. http://www.fqpn.qc.ca/main/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/FQPN-Manual-EN-Web.pdf
Mallick, H. (2017, January 13). After anti-abortion ads on buses, what’s next?: Mallick. The Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/01/13/after-antiabortion-ads-on-buses-whats-next-mallick.html
McIntyre, M., Anderson, B., & McDonald, C. (2001). The intersection of relational and cultural narratives: Women’s abortion experiences. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 33(3), 47-62.
McPherson, K. (2003). Bedside Matters: The transformation of Canadian nursing, 1900-1990. Toronto, ON: Oxford University Press.
Medoff, M. (2016). Pro-choice versus pro-life: The relationship between state abortion policy and child well-being in the United States. Health Care for Women International, 37(2), 158-169.
Mitchell, K. (2019). "It was everyone's judgement": Experiences seeking abortion in Southern Alberta (2007-2017). [Master’s thesis, University of Lethbridge]. University of Lethbridge Research Repository.
National Abortion Federation. (2020). Clinical Policy Guidelines for Abortion Care. https://5aa1b2xfmfh2e2mk03kk8rsx-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2020_cpgs_final.pdf
Norman, W. V., Soon, J. A., Maughn, N. & Dressler, J. (2013). Barriers to rural induced abortion services in Canada: Findings of the British Columbia Abortion Providers Survey. PloS ONE, 8(6), e67023.
O’Reilly, A. (2004). Introduction. In A. O’Reilly (Ed.) Mother matters: Motherhood as discourse and practice (pp.11-26). Toronto, ON: Association for Research on Mothering.
Paynter, M., Norman, W. & Martin-Misener, R. (2019). Nurses are key members of the abortion care team: why aren’t schools of nursing teaching abortion care? Witness: The Journal of Critical Nursing Discourse, 1(2), 17-29.
Peters, J. W. (2020, April 20). How abortion, guns and church closings made Coronavirus a culture war in America. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/us/politics/coronavirus-protests-democrats-republicans.html
Purcell, C. (2015). The sociology of women’s abortion experiences: Recent research and future directions. Sociology Compass, 9(7), 585-596.
Rippeyoung, P. L. F. (2013). Governing motherhood: Who pays and who profits? Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. https://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/reports/docs/Governing%20Motherhood.pdf
Ross, L. & Solinger, R. (2017). Reproductive Justice: An introduction. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Saurette, P. & Gordon, K. (2013). Arguing abortion: The new anti-abortion discourse in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 46(1), 157-185.
Saurette, P. & Gordon, K. (2015). The changing voice of the anti-abortion movement: The rise of “pro-woman” rhetoric in Canada and the United States. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
Sethna, C. & Doull, M. (2013). Spatial disparities and travel to freestanding abortion clinics in Canada. Women’s Studies International Forum, 38(Complete), 52-62.
Stettner, S. (2016a). A brief history of abortion in Canada. In Stettner, S. (Ed.) Without apology: Writings on abortion in Canada (pp. 31-76). Edmonton, AB: AU Press Athabasca University. https://www.aupress.ca/app/uploads/120257_99Z_Stettner_2016-Without_Apology.pdf
Stettner, S. (2016b). The unfinished revolution. In Stettner, S. (Ed.) Without apology: Writings on abortion in Canada (pp. 333-347). Edmonton, AB: AU Press Athabasca University. https://www.aupress.ca/app/uploads/120257_99Z_Stettner_2016-Without_Apology.pdf
Traynor, M. (2017). Critical resilience for nurses: An evidence-based guide to survival and change in the modern NHS. New York, NY: Routledge.
Vogel, L. (2012). Sex-selective abortions: no simple solution. CMAJ, 184(3), 286-288.
Vogel, K., LaRoche, K. J., El-Haddad, J., Chaumont, A., & Foster, A. M. (2016). Exploring Canadian women’s knowledge of and interest in mifepristone: results from a national qualitative study with abortion patients. Contraception, 94, 137-142.
Weitz, T. A. (2010). Rethinking the mantra that abortions should be ‘safe, legal, and rare’. Journal of Women’s History, 22(3), 161-172.
Wiebe, E., Najafi, R., Soheil, N., Kamani, A. (2011). Muslim women having abortions in Canada: Attitudes, beliefs, and experiences. Canadian Family Physician, 57, e134-138.
Wiebe, E., Chalmers, A., & Yager, H. (2012). Delayed motherhood: Understanding the experiences of women older than age 33 who are having abortions but plan to become mothers later. Canadian Family Physician, 58, e588-95.
Winnikoff, B., & Sheldon, W. (2012). Use of medicines changing the face of abortion. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 38(3), 164-166
World Health Organization. (2018, Feb 19). Preventing Unsafe Abortion. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preventing-unsafe-abortion
Yasseen III, A. S. & Lacaze-Masmoneil, T. (2016). Male-biased infant sex ratios and patterns of induced abortion. CMAJ, 188(9), 640-641.
Zingel, A. (2019, April 25). Removal of ultrasound requirement could improve access in remote communities to abortion drug. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/abortion-pill-ultrasound-access-1.5110044
Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights. (2019a). Access at a glance: Abortion services in Canada. https://www.actioncanadashr.org/resources/factsheets-guidelines/2019-09-19-access-glance-abortion-services-canada
Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights. (2019b). Statement on Ontario’s sex-ed curriculum.
https://www.actioncanadashr.org/news/2019-03-19statement-ontarios-sex-ed-curriculum
Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights. (2020). Joint statement on essential abortion care during COVID-19.https://www.actioncanadashr.org/news/2020-03-20-joint-statement-essential-abortion-care-during-covid-19
Author B.
Bellefontaine, M. (2018, April 4). Alberta to introduce safe zones around abortion clinics. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-to-introducesafe-zones-around-abortion-clinics-1.4605302
Begnell, P. & R. Durey. (2014). Creating lasting change: Advocacy for gender-transformative health promotion. In L. Greaves, A. Pederson, & N. Poole (Eds.), Making it better: Gender transformative health promotion (pp. 212-224). Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars’ Press/Women’s Press.
Bogart, N. & Lee, V. (2020, May 18). Child care restrictions preventing some from going back as economy reopens. CTV News. https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/child-care-restrictions-preventing-some-from-going-back-to-work-as-economy-reopens-1.4944380
Boston Women’s Health Book Collective. (2011). Our bodies, ourselves (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Bourgeois, S. (2014). Our bodies are our own: connecting abortion and social policy. Canadian Review of Social Policy, 70, 22-33.
Boyer, Y. & Bartlett, J. (2017). External review: Tubal ligation in the Saskatoon Health Region: The lived experience of Aboriginal women. https://www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca/DocumentsInternal/Tubal_Ligation_intheSaskatoonHealthRegion_the_Lived_Experience_of_Aboriginal_Women_BoyerandBartlett_July_22_2017.pdf
Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). (2018). Induced abortion reported in Canada in 2018. [Tables]. https://www.cihi.ca/en/search?query-all=abortion&Search+Submit
Canadian Nurses Association (CNA). (2017). Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses. https://www.cna-aiic.ca/html/en/Code-of-Ethics-2017-Edition/files/assets/basic-html/page-1.html
Cano, J. K. & Foster, A. M. (2016). “They made me go through like weeks of appointment and everything”: Documenting women’s experiences seeking abortion care in Yukon Territory, Canada. Contraception, 94(5), 489-495.
Carson, A. (2018). Feminism, biomedicine and the ‘reproductive destiny’ of women in clinical texts on the birth control pill. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(7), 830-843.
CBC News. (2018, February 1). Safe zones around abortion clinics now in place. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-abortion-clinic-safezone-police-1.4510607
CBC News. (2019, April 4). Abortion pills replace demand for surgical termination of pregnancy at Victoria Clinic. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/britishcolumbia/mifegymiso-abortion-pill-1.5083852
Clementson, L. (2019, May 9). ‘We pledge to make abortion unthinkable in our lifetime’: PC MP Sam Oosterhoff. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/oosterhoff-abortion-1.5129494
Deveau, A. (2017). Timeline of a maternal breakdown: A feminist mother’s blog post about her abortion experience. In E. R. M. Lind & A. Deveau (Eds.), Interrogating Pregnancy Loss: Feminist Writings on Abortion, Miscarriage, ad Stillbirth (pp. 40-46). Bradford, ON: Demeter Press.
Di Lapi, E. M. (1989). Lesbian mothers and the motherhood hierarchy. Homosexuality and the Family, 18 (1-2), 101-121.
Dressler, J., Maughn, N., Soon, J. A., & Norman, W. V. (2013). The perspective of rural physicians providing abortion in Canada: Qualitative findings of the BC Abortion Providers Survey (BCAPS). PLOS ONE, 8(6), 1-5.
Eaton, A. (2018 Sep 15). Graphic anti-abortion protest have no place on campus. The Varsity. https://thevarsity.ca/2018/09/15/op-ed-graphic-anti-abortion-protests-have-no-place-on-campus/
Ehrenreich, B., & English, D. (2010). Witches, midwives, & nurses: A history of women healers (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Feminist Press.
Endemann, E. (2019, April 25). Anti-abortion ad on Ottawa bus angers two councillors. Ottawa Citizen. https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/anti-abortion-ad-onottawa-bus-angers-two-councillors
Foster, A. M, LaRoche, K, J., El-Haddad, J., Degroot, L. & El-Mowafi, I. M. (2017). “If I ever did have a daughter, I wouldn’t raise her in New Brunswick:” exploring women’s experiences obtaining abortion care before and after policy reform. Contraception, 95(5), 477-484.
Ganatra, B., Gerdts C., Rossier C. et al. (2017). Global, regional, and subregional classification of abortions by safety, 2010–14: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model. The Lancet, 390(10110), 2372-2381.
Greaves, L., & Whynot, E. (2014). Promoting women’s hospitals as a site for change. In L. Greaves, A. Pederson, & N. Poole (Eds.), Making it better: Gender-transformative health promotion (pp. 225-239).
Green, F. J. (2018). Empowering mothers and daughters through matroreform and feminist motherliness. Journal of the Motherhood Initiative, 9(1), 9-20.
Green, F. J. (2019). Practicing matricentric feminist mothering. Journal of the Motherhood Initiative, 10(1&2), 83-99.
Hankivsky, O. (2020). Using intersectionality to understand who is most at risk for COVID-19. Pursuit. https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/using-intersectionality-to-understand-who-is-most-at-risk-of-covid-19
Ibrahim, H. (2018, July 31). Anti-abortion centre reopens next door to Clinic 554. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/right-to-life-clinic-554abortion-1.4768481
Janiak, E., & Goldberg, A.B. (2016). Eliminating the phrase “elective abortion”: why language matters. Contraception, 93(2), 89-92.
Jones, R. K., Frohwirth, L. F., & Moore, A. M. (2008). “I would want to give my child, like everything in the world”. Journal of Family Issues, 29(1), 79-99.
Kagan. P. N., Smith, M. C., Richard Cowling III, W., Chinn, P. L. (2009). A nursing manifesto: an emancipatory call for knowledge development, conscience, and praxis. Nursing Philosophy, 11, 67-84.
Kaposy, C. (2009). The public funding of abortion in Canada: going beyond the concept of medical necessity. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy, 12(3), 301-311.
Lippman, A. (2014). Foreward. In S. Patterson, F. Scala & M. K. Sokolon (Eds.) Fertile ground (pp. xiii-xv) Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Lowik, A. J. (2018). Trans-inclusive abortion services: A manual for providers on operationalizing trans-inclusive policies and practices in an abortion setting. http://www.fqpn.qc.ca/main/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/FQPN-Manual-EN-Web.pdf
Mallick, H. (2017, January 13). After anti-abortion ads on buses, what’s next?: Mallick. The Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/01/13/after-antiabortion-ads-on-buses-whats-next-mallick.html
McIntyre, M., Anderson, B., & McDonald, C. (2001). The intersection of relational and cultural narratives: Women’s abortion experiences. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 33(3), 47-62.
McPherson, K. (2003). Bedside Matters: The transformation of Canadian nursing, 1900-1990. Toronto, ON: Oxford University Press.
Medoff, M. (2016). Pro-choice versus pro-life: The relationship between state abortion policy and child well-being in the United States. Health Care for Women International, 37(2), 158-169.
Mitchell, K. (2019). "It was everyone's judgement": Experiences seeking abortion in Southern Alberta (2007-2017). [Master’s thesis, University of Lethbridge]. University of Lethbridge Research Repository.
National Abortion Federation. (2020). Clinical Policy Guidelines for Abortion Care. https://5aa1b2xfmfh2e2mk03kk8rsx-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2020_cpgs_final.pdf
Norman, W. V., Soon, J. A., Maughn, N. & Dressler, J. (2013). Barriers to rural induced abortion services in Canada: Findings of the British Columbia Abortion Providers Survey. PloS ONE, 8(6), e67023.
O’Reilly, A. (2004). Introduction. In A. O’Reilly (Ed.) Mother matters: Motherhood as discourse and practice (pp.11-26). Toronto, ON: Association for Research on Mothering.
Paynter, M., Norman, W. & Martin-Misener, R. (2019). Nurses are key members of the abortion care team: why aren’t schools of nursing teaching abortion care? Witness: The Journal of Critical Nursing Discourse, 1(2), 17-29.
Peters, J. W. (2020, April 20). How abortion, guns and church closings made Coronavirus a culture war in America. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/us/politics/coronavirus-protests-democrats-republicans.html
Purcell, C. (2015). The sociology of women’s abortion experiences: Recent research and future directions. Sociology Compass, 9(7), 585-596.
Rippeyoung, P. L. F. (2013). Governing motherhood: Who pays and who profits? Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. https://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/reports/docs/Governing%20Motherhood.pdf
Ross, L. & Solinger, R. (2017). Reproductive Justice: An introduction. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Saurette, P. & Gordon, K. (2013). Arguing abortion: The new anti-abortion discourse in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 46(1), 157-185.
Saurette, P. & Gordon, K. (2015). The changing voice of the anti-abortion movement: The rise of “pro-woman” rhetoric in Canada and the United States. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
Sethna, C. & Doull, M. (2013). Spatial disparities and travel to freestanding abortion clinics in Canada. Women’s Studies International Forum, 38(Complete), 52-62.
Stettner, S. (2016a). A brief history of abortion in Canada. In Stettner, S. (Ed.) Without apology: Writings on abortion in Canada (pp. 31-76). Edmonton, AB: AU Press Athabasca University. https://www.aupress.ca/app/uploads/120257_99Z_Stettner_2016-Without_Apology.pdf
Stettner, S. (2016b). The unfinished revolution. In Stettner, S. (Ed.) Without apology: Writings on abortion in Canada (pp. 333-347). Edmonton, AB: AU Press Athabasca University. https://www.aupress.ca/app/uploads/120257_99Z_Stettner_2016-Without_Apology.pdf
Traynor, M. (2017). Critical resilience for nurses: An evidence-based guide to survival and change in the modern NHS. New York, NY: Routledge.
Vogel, L. (2012). Sex-selective abortions: no simple solution. CMAJ, 184(3), 286-288.
Vogel, K., LaRoche, K. J., El-Haddad, J., Chaumont, A., & Foster, A. M. (2016). Exploring Canadian women’s knowledge of and interest in mifepristone: results from a national qualitative study with abortion patients. Contraception, 94, 137-142.
Weitz, T. A. (2010). Rethinking the mantra that abortions should be ‘safe, legal, and rare’. Journal of Women’s History, 22(3), 161-172.
Wiebe, E., Najafi, R., Soheil, N., Kamani, A. (2011). Muslim women having abortions in Canada: Attitudes, beliefs, and experiences. Canadian Family Physician, 57, e134-138.
Wiebe, E., Chalmers, A., & Yager, H. (2012). Delayed motherhood: Understanding the experiences of women older than age 33 who are having abortions but plan to become mothers later. Canadian Family Physician, 58, e588-95.
Winnikoff, B., & Sheldon, W. (2012). Use of medicines changing the face of abortion. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 38(3), 164-166
World Health Organization. (2018, Feb 19). Preventing Unsafe Abortion. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preventing-unsafe-abortion
Yasseen III, A. S. & Lacaze-Masmoneil, T. (2016). Male-biased infant sex ratios and patterns of induced abortion. CMAJ, 188(9), 640-641.
Zingel, A. (2019, April 25). Removal of ultrasound requirement could improve access in remote communities to abortion drug. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/abortion-pill-ultrasound-access-1.5110044
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Published
2020-12-28
How to Cite
Lebold, M., & MacDonnell, J. (2020). A critical feminist discursive analysis of dynamics shaping abortion in Canada: Implications for nursing. Witness: The Canadian Journal of Critical Nursing Discourse, 2(2), 76–91. https://doi.org/10.25071/2291-5796.76
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