Getting to the Heart of Cultural Safety in Unama’ki: Considering Kesultulinej (love).
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25071/2291-5796.57Keywords:
Love as Action, Cultural Safety, Decolonizing Nursing, Indigenous Nursing, Nursing EducationAbstract
Reflecting upon my early knowledge landscapes, situated within the unceded Mi’kmaq territory of Unama’ki (Cape Breton, Nova Scotia), living the Peace & Friendship Treaty and the teachings of Mi’kmaw Elders, I contemplate the essential relationship with land and language, specifically, Kesultulinej (love as action) and Etuaptmumk (two-eyed seeing) to Cultural Safety. I recognize my position, privilege, and responsibility in teaching and learning about the contextual meanings of Cultural Safety, situated in specific Indigenous terrains and in relation with the land, across time, and relationships. Critical reflection on my story and experiences challenge me to consider why and how Maori nursing theorizations of Cultural Safety have been indoctrinated into the language of national nursing education by the Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing (CASN), Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) and most provincial nursing regulatory bodies; this is increasingly relevant as nursing education is progressively shaped by neoliberal and Indigenizing agendas. As I contemplate wrapping Cultural Safety with Kesultulinej, I see the potential to decolonize nursing. Mi’kmaw teachings of Etuaptmumk and Kesultulinej call forth responsibilities to act, and in doing so move us into a space of potential to resist the colonizing forces within nursing. In this moment I realize the interconnected meaning of being amidst these relationships that matter to me as a person and as a nurse; relationships that are marked by love, care and compassion.
Downloads
References
Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada. (2001). An Aboriginal nursing specialty. Ottawa: Author.
Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada. (2006a). Aboriginal health nursing project: Initiating dialogue. (Discussion Paper). Ottawa: Author.
Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada. (2006b). Best practices for the recruitment and retention of Aboriginal People into nursing education and nursing practice. Ottawa: Author.
Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada, Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing, & Canadian Nurses Association (2009). Cultural competence and cultural safety in nursing education: A framework for First Nations, Inuit and Métis nursing. Ottawa: ANAC.
Ahenakew, C.R. (2017). Mapping and complicating conversations about Indigenous education. Diaspora, Indigenous and Minority Education, 11(2), 80-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2017.1278693
Allan, B. & Smylie, J. (2015). First peoples, second class treatment: The role of racism in the health and wellbeing of Indigenous peoples in Canada. Toronto, ON: Wellesley Institute.
Anderson, J. R., Perry, J. R., Blue, C. R., Browne, A. R., Henderson, A. R., Khan, K. B., … Smye, V. R. (2003). “Rewriting” cultural safety within the postcolonial and post national Feminist project: toward new epistemologies of healing. Advances in Nursing Science Health Variables: Economics and Class, 26(3), 196–214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-200307000-00005
Augustine, S.J., (1999). Ethical guidelines on conducting research in Indigenous and local communities. [Unpublished draft report]. Dene Cultural Institute.
Baba, L. (2013). Cultural safety in First Nations, Inuit, and Métis public health: Environmental scan of cultural competency and safety in education, training and health services. Prince George, BC: National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health.
Bhabha, H.K. (1994). The location of culture. London, UK: Routledge.
Bond, C. (2019). Being Indigenous...what does this mean? Lowitja Conference 2019. https://croakey.org/newreport-on-indigenous-healthresearch-from-lowitjaconf2019-download-your-free-copy/
Bourque Bearskin, L. (2016). Through the lens of truth and reconciliation: Next steps. Canadian Nurse, 112(2), 36. https://www.canadiannurse.com/en/articles/issues/2016/march-2016/through-the-lens-of-truthand-reconciliation-next-steps
Brooks-Cleator, L., Phillipps, B., & Giles, A. (2018). Culturally safe health initiatives for Indigenous Peoples in Canada: a scoping review. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 50(4), 202–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0844562118770334
Browne, A. J. (2017). Moving beyond description: Closing the health equity gap by redressing racism impacting Indigenous populations. Social Science & Medicine, 184, 23-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.045
Browne, A. J. (2005). Discourses influencing nurses' perceptions of First Nations patients. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 37(4), 62-87.
Browne, A. J., Smye, V. L., & Varcoe, C. (2005). The relevance of postcolonial theoretical perspectives to research in Aboriginal health. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 37(4), 16-37.
Browne, A. J., Varcoe, C., Lavoie, J., Smye, V., Wong, S. T., Krause, M.,Fridkin, A. (2016). Enhancing health care equity with indigenous populations: Evidence-based strategies from an ethnographic study. BMC Health Services Research, 16(1), 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1707-9
Cajete, G. (1994). Look to the mountain: an ecology of Indigenous education. Durango, CO: Kivaki Press.
Canadian Association Schools of Nursing (2013). Educating nurses to address socio-cultural, historical, and contextual determinants of health among Aboriginal Peoples. https://www.casn.ca/2014/12/educating-nurses-address-socio-culturalhistorical-contextual-determinantshealth-among-aboriginal-peoples/
Canadian Association Schools of Nursing (2015). National nursing education framework. https://www.casn.ca/competencyguidelines/national-nursingeducation-framework/
Canadian Nurses Association (2010). Promoting cultural competence in nursing. Ottawa: Author.
Canadian Nurses Association (2014). Aboriginal health nursing and Aboriginal health: charting policy direction for nursing in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Author. https://www.cnaaiic.ca/~/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/aboriginalhealth-nursing-andaboriginalhealth_charting-policydirection-for-nursing-incanada.pdf?la=en
Chernomis, R., & Hudson, I. (2010). Inequality as a cause of social murder. International Journal of Health Services, 40(1), 61–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/HS.40.1.d
Chin, M., Clarke, A., Nocon, R., Casey, A., Goddu, A., Keesecker, N., & Cook, S. (2012). A roadmap and best practices for organizations to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 27(8), 992-1000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2082-9
Chulach, T., & Gagnon, M. (2016). Working in a "third space': A closer look at the hybridity, identity and agency of nurse practitioners. Nursing Inquiry, 23(1), 52-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12105
Clifford, A., McCalman, J., Bainbridge, R., & Tsey, K. (2015). Interventions to improve cultural competency in health care for Indigenous peoples of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA: A systematic review. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 27(2), 89–98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzv010
Doran, F., Wrigley, B., & Lewis, S. (2019). Exploring cultural safety with Nurse Academics. Research findings suggest time to “step up.” Contemporary Nurse, 55(2–3), 156–170.
Ermine, W. (2007). The ethical space of engagement. Indigenous Law Journal, 6(1), 194-201.
Foth, T., & Holmes, D. (2016). Neoliberalism and the government of nursing through competencybased education. Nursing Inquiry, 24(2), 1-9.
Drevdalhl, D., Canales, M.K., & Dorcy, S. Denise (2008). Of goldfish tanks and moonlight tricks: can cultural competency ameliorate health disparities? Advances in Nursing Science, 31(1), 13–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ANS.0000311526.27823.05
Gallagher, R. W., & Polanin, J. R. (2015). A meta-analysis of educational interventions designed to enhance cultural competence in professional nurses and nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 35(2), 333-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.10.021
Gaudry, A., & Lorenz, D. (2018). Indigenization as inclusion, reconciliation and decolonization: Navigating the different visions for indigenizing the Canadian Academy. AlterNative, 14(3), 218–227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1177180118785382
Gerlach, A. J. (2012). A critical reflection on the concept of cultural safety. Canadian Journal of OccupationalTherapy, 79(3), 151–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2182/cjot.2012.79.3.4
Goodman, B. (204). Paulo Freire and the pedagogy of the oppressed. Nurse Educations Today, 34(7), 1055-1056. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.03.018
Government of Canada (1969). Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian policy (The White Paper, 1969) [Report]. https://www.aadncaandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100010189/1100100010191
Gregory, D., & Harrowing, J. (2012). Indigenous people’s health and health-care equity: seven years later. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 44(2), p 15-18.
Guerra, O., & Kurtz, D. (2017). Building collaboration: a scoping review of cultural competency and safety education and training for healthcare students and professionals in Canada. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 29(2), 129–142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2016.1234960
Hawkins, N. (2018). Self-preservation [illustration]. Expressions of clinician wellbeing. An Art Exhibition. Washington, DC: National Academy of Medicine. https://nam.edu/expressclinicianwellbeing/#/artwork/186
Horvat, L., Horey, D., Romios, P., & Kis-Rigo, J. (2014). Cultural competence education for health professionals. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5(5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009405.pub2
hooks, b. (2001). All about love: New visions. New York: William Morrow.
Jennings, W., Bond, C., & Hill, P. S. (2018). The power of talk and power in talk: A systematic review of Indigenous narratives of culturally safe healthcare communication. Australian Journal of Primary Healthcare, 24, 109–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/PY17082
Joseph, R. P. C. (2018). 21 things you might not know about the Indian Act. Vancouver, BC: Indigenous Relations Press.
Kimmerer, R. W. (2013). Braiding sweetgrass. Minneapolis, MN: Milkweed Productions.
Kovach, M. (2009). Indigenous methodologies. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
Kulig, J., Kilpatrick, K., Moffit, P., & Simmers, I. (2013). Rural and remote practice: an updated documentary analysis. Lethbridge, AB: University of Lethbridge.
Kulig, J., Kilpatrick, K., Moffit, P., & Zimmer, L. (2015). Recruitment and Retention in Rural Nursing: It’s still and issue. Nursing Research, 28(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.12927/cjnl.2015.24353
Churchill, M., Parent-Bergeron, M., Smylie, J., Ward, C., Fridken, A. & Smylie, D. (2017). Evidence brief: wise practices for Indigenous-specific cultural safety training programs. Toronto, ON: Well Living House Action Research Centre for Indigenous Infant, Child and Family Health and Wellbeing., St. Michael’s Hospital.
McCallum, M. J. L. (2018). Structures of indifference: An Indigenous life and death in a Canadian city. Winnipeg MB: University of Manitoba Press.
McCallum, M. J. (2014). Indigenous women, work, and history, 1940-1980. Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba Press.
McGibbon, E.A., Fhumalani, M., Didham, P., Barton, S., & Sochan, A. (2014). Toward decolonizing nursing: the colonization of nursing and strategies for increasing the counternarrative. Nursing Inquiry, 21(3), 179-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12042
McGregor, D. (2012). Indigenous women, water justice and Zaagidowin (Love). Canadian Woman Studies, 30(2), p. 71-78.
Million, D. (2013). Therapeutic Nations: Healing in an age of Indigenous human rights. Tucson, AZ: The University of Arizona Press.
Million, D. (2009). Felt theory: an Indigenous feminist approach to affect and history. Native Feminism, 24(2), p. 53-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/wic.0.0043
Nakata, M. (2007). Disciplining the savages: savaging the disciplines. Canberra, AU: Aboriginal Studies Press.
Nakata, M. (2006). Australian Indigenous studies: A question of discipline. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 17(3), 265-273. Pratt, M.B. (1983). Identity: skin blood, heart. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 11(3), 16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.2006.tb00063.x
Racine, L., & Petrucka, P. (2011). Enhancing decolonization and knowledge transfer in nursing research with non-western populations: Examining the congruence between primary healthcare and postcolonial feminist approaches. Nursing Inquiry, 18(1)., 12- 20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2010.00504.x
Ramsden, I.M. (2002). Cultural safety and nursing education in Aotearoa and Te Waipounamu (Volume I-III). [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Victoria University of Wellington.
Schick, C., & St. Denis, V. (2005). Troubling national discourses in anti-racist curricular planning. Canadian Journal of Education, 28(3), 295–317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4126472
Sheppard, D.M. (2019). Kesultultinij [video]. Vimeo. https://vimeopro.com/user20653208/cbu
Simpson, L. (2013). Islands of decolonial love. Winnipeg, MB: Arbeiter Ring Publishing.
Stafford, W. (1998). A ritual to read to each other. The way it is: new & selected poems. Saint Paul, MN: Graywolf Press.
Stansfield, D., & Browne, A. J. (2013). The relevance of indigenous knowledge for nursing curriculum. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 10(1), 143-151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijnes-2012-0041
Truong, M., Paradis, Y., & Priest, N. (2014). Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: A systematic review of reviews. BMC Health Services Research, 14(1), 99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-99
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to action. Winnipeg, MB: Author. http://trc.ca/assets/pdf/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf
Vukic, A., Jesty, C., Mathews, V., & Etowa, J. (2012). Understanding race and racism in Nursing: insights from Aboriginal nurses. International Scholarly Research Network. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/196437
Ward, C., Branch, C. & Fridkin, A. (2016). What is Indigenous cultural safety—and why should I care about it? Visions: BC’s Mental Health and Substance Use Journal, 11(4), 29.
Whiteduck, M. (2013). “But it’s our story. Read it.”: Stories my grandfather told me and writing for continuance. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society, 2(1), 72-92.
Youngblood Henderson, J.S. (2000). Ayukpachi: empowering Aboriginal thought. In Reclaiming Indigenous voice and vision, Battiste, M. Ed. Vancouver, BC: UBC press.
Younging, G. (2018). Elements of Indigenous style: A guide for writing by and about Indigenous peoples. Edmonton, AB: Brush Education.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Witness publishes under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read the license terms at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. The author(s) retain copyright to their works.